How can you identify a tree in winter?
Many trees can be recognized by the fruits and remains of inflorescences that are preserved on the branches. On the alder in winter, male catkins and last year’s female “bumps” are visible. Some shrubs, such as mountain ash, viburnum, hawthorn, and elderberry, retain berries in winter. Another reliable way to distinguish trees in winter is by buds.
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What is an edged board?
The most common lumber is dry edged board. It is used mainly during the laying of the foundation, in the construction of the roof, for the installation of partitions, fences, roofs and floors. Indispensable in repair and finishing work. It is made by cutting a log from several sides, in accordance with current standards. The finished timber is dried to maintain a moisture level of 8-10%.
Lumber is considered a durable option. They are manufactured in different qualities according to the purpose of application, including:
- Low quality options are suitable for rough work. They are practical and durable, but have small defects that do not interfere with the task.
- The highest grade is intended for decorating visible parts of buildings. Possessing practicality and aesthetic qualities.
Edged board - characteristics
The demand for edged boards is explained by their performance properties. Among them are:
- Ease of installation
. This is done using carpentry fasteners. No special tools are required for installation. - Ease of storage and transportation
. It fits compactly and does not require special storage conditions, the main thing is to avoid moisture. - Public availability
. It has a low cost, the material is available in any area. - Dimensions
. Edged boards are used, the sizes of which are 50, 40, 30, 25 ml thick.
Edged boards are produced according to GOST standards. Deciduous wood material has three quality categories, coniferous wood has five. Selected grade lumber is considered the best and is marked “O”. The remaining varieties are named 1-4 depending on quality. The mark is made on the worst side of the material or on the edge. The criteria are regulated by GOST 24454-80. Used for the following purposes:
- The first
grade in the manufacture of window frames, doors, stairs, floor finishing. - The second
grade is suitable for decking, load-bearing structures, and sheathing. - The third
grade is designed for load-bearing structures. - The fourth
goes to containers and small products.
What kind of trees do you have?
The carnage of tree species toil the wood with different physical powers. The trees represent hard wood species - oak, beech, chestnut, pea.
Other tree species - linden, aspen, poplar, birch - include a group of wood species. Coniferous tree species form a large group, including valuable wood species: cypress, thuja, cedar and simple light wood species: pine, yalin, yalitsa.
Valuable wood species are vicorized, as a rule, in the form of veneer. Wood from soft wood species in furniture making is cured to look like solid wood for the production of carved and turned parts. The most coniferous trees are given by tree species. Tree species with hardwood are called hardwood tree species. Similar to the pulp of the tree - the pulp of the leaves of the tree species. Exotic wood species, such as amaranth, ebony, hornwood, mahogany and other valuable wood species, are brought to us from distant, usually tropical, lands.
Give birth to trees
At this time, exotic types of wood are available, but during the production of antique furniture, the stink of especially valuable types of wood was extremely expensive. Wood of all types of trees can be cured in carpentry. The leather type of tree is used for various species for their fruits and appearance.
Furniture panels for upholstered furniture are made from coniferous wood.
The value of hard wood species is not the same, but it gives off the rich color and texture of the wood. Furniture made from solid pine is usually decorated with veneer.
The most expensive types of wood are used to form veneers for marquetry or small wood chips.
The wood of adjacent parts of trees of different species is of particular value. Thuja roots, pea and chestnut roots, birch burls.
Carpenters selected all types of wood for furniture. It is clear that from the singing era the stagnation of the singing wood species is characteristic. The type of wood is important for evaluating an antique item.
The nirks are separated one by one (one by one)
Oak chi linden?
The oak and linden are remarkably similar to each other, especially for a young woman. In linden, the stems come out of the stem almost horizontally, the stems are round, smooth, the stems grow in zigzags. Often the fruits – small pots-balls – are preserved on the linden tree.
« Drinking foxes. How did some invisible force twist the trees?
In oak, the ribs are also round, but covered with fragmentary pieces, through which they are cut. Most of the nirk is sharpened by dekilkom bichnyi. The branches of an oak tree may lose leaves all winter.
Poplars or willows?
Poplars are the easiest to recognize - they have a sticky streak, and when you rub them, you will notice a characteristic bitter, resinous smell. Pagoni and stovburi near the poplar light.
Closer to spring, the willow's lilies become larger, and if you carefully remove the weasel from it at this point, you will see that there is only one weasel and it looks like a bucket. When it warms up, the willows shed their crowns, and then satin-white fluffy piles appear on their throats.
Either a birch or a pea...
Fine-thin silks with fine birch-white lilacs. First of all, this tree is easy to recognize by its stovbur covered with white birch bark. Young birch trees don’t have ale yet.
Olena Kozhina
The white peas on the ends are wrinkled, otherwise they have stiffened strips of corrugated hose. The short nails, which stand out from the main ones, are also covered with wrinkles. The gostrokintsev's gostrokints have low spots, great ones and pubescences at the ends. In addition, excess brushes on which the fruits hung can be collected on the stems. Well, if the berries have been saved, it’s easier to recognize the pea.
Properties of wood species
The oak tree species differs in strength, strength, density 720 kg/m3, hardness and heaviness.
An oak lives on average 1000 years. The diameter of the trunk can exceed 2 m. The older the tree, the higher the quality of its tree species.
Our forefathers built log wells from oak wood - the water in them did not “bloom”, it was cold and unsullied. In the peasant household, the oak table and oak mortar were considered the best. Rims and runners were bent from oak, barrels, tubs, and bowls were made. Oak piles were also driven into the river.
The oak tree species is very strong and difficult to cut. It bends perfectly. Has a wonderful coarse texture. It just gets painted. When cut in a circle, the texture of an oak board is very beautiful. When processed with a chisel, it is fragile, requires a hard and sharp tool and caution, and withstands large carvings well. For joinery, oak aged 150-200 years should be used.
Interesting Facts
Many myths, legends, and stories are associated with centuries-old giants. For humans, oak is the personification of strength, power, and energy.
- Druids performed the ritual of “seducing lightning,” knowing that oak attracts lightning more often than other trees.
- 80 years of married life is called an “oak wedding.” The union is associated with the longevity and strength of oak.
- The most expensive mushrooms chose tree roots for their mycelium. These are truffles, a favorite delicacy of the French. Without nourishment from the oak tree, they die.
- Many trees have become famous due to their size and age. The oldest oak tree is located in France, its trunk girth is 9 meters. According to legend, the soldiers of Julius Caesar rested under it.
The nirks are arranged in pairs and one is opposite one (opposite)
Maple, chestnut, is it clear?
If you still find it difficult to recognize the tree behind the holes, cut a hole from it and place it in the water. When the leaves bloom, growing up will be much easier.
If you drink a tree with young brunkas from the middle smoothie of Russia, then, for everything, just one of them.
The ash tree has a smooth, light-colored stovbur with a smooth bark, similar shapes, and the brunkas are even black, dome-shaped. In addition, excess fruits, flat and shovel-like oars or long drops, can be added to the stems.
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The ash-leaf maple is often lost in the ash tree, but in the remaining ash, and the young leaves are covered with a waxy coating that is easily erased as soon as you scratch it. And this tree often produces a lot of shoots at the base of the stovbur.
Well, the most familiar maple to us, the gostroleaf maple, bears brunks, similar to black or brown bags. Its Gilks are straight and young, its young ones have brown bark. The fruits are winged, horizontal.
School of sledopit. How can you understand what animals are procrastinating?
Ash leaf maple. Photo: From the special archive / Olena Kozhina
The horse chestnut has the largest nibs, and the stinks are rarely grown on the hilts. The next day will end in one, greatly disturbed mess.
Pine
Pine density is 520 kg/m3.
Pine is widespread throughout the north of Russia and most of Siberia and forms both pure forests and forests in a mixture with spruce and other trees.
Pine lives up to 600 years and in adulthood reaches a height of 30-40 m. Its trunk is straight and even, it is easy to plan and saw. The pine tree species is heartwood, resinous, and low-elastic. Depending on the characteristics of the tree's growth criteria, the density and specific gravity of the tree species may vary. Scotch pine is distinguished by wide sapwood, which is not likely to be removed. Therefore, in warm weather and the sapwood thickening, which occurs from spring to autumn, the log may turn blue. Surface blueness can be observed even in well-ventilated timber stacks. Blue does not change the mechanical parameters of the tree, so you can successfully fight with it. For these purposes, the industry produces a number of drugs.
Pine wood is soft and easy to process and does not crack when dry. Thanks to its beautiful color and clearly defined texture, it is widely used in the production of carpentry, in the production of artistic carvings and turning products.
The average density of spruce wood at normal humidity 12% is 445 kg/m3.
The total area of spruce forests in Russia is about 70 million hectares. Spruce lives 250-300 years.
The spruce tree species is snow-white, with a faint yellow color, and low in resin. Spruce is a low-density species. In terms of strength properties it is somewhat inferior to pine. It bends somewhat better than pine wood.
Spruce is a tree that is exceptional in its properties. One of these parameters is musicality. Since ancient times, I have been making musical instruments from spruce, including stringed instruments. Novgorod harps of medieval Rus' were most often made from spruce. The wood species is soft, light, and is used as a building material (boards, beams), for small crafts, and for processing into wood pulp. Used for the production of wood chemical products - paper, cardboard, cellulose. It is also used in ornamental gardening and park construction.
Oak parquet
When it comes to block parquet or parquet boards, the first thing that comes to mind is oak wood. Indeed, the volume of parquet made from oak significantly exceeds the volume of products made from any other type of wood. At the same time, the cost per meter of oak flooring varies greatly from widely available to luxury.
For example, in our store, oak parquet boards cost from 1,269 (Natur Oak from GreenLine) to 10,089 (Smoky Oak from Meister) rubles per sq. m. meter.
Properties
The density of oak wood depends on its growing conditions and varies in the range of 700-800 kg/m3. Brinell hardness of oak is 3.8 on average. This indicator is often taken as a standard when assessing the hardness of other rocks. According to the Janka scale, the hardness of oak is 1360.
Oak is a durable and rot-resistant species, stable under conditions of changes in humidity and temperature and resistant to abrasion. Oak parquet is one of the most durable. Proof of this is the fact that many apartments and houses still have old oak parquet laid at the beginning or middle of the last century.
Oak wood has a beautiful, noble color, the shades of which can vary - from light gray and golden to reddish and even dark brown. And although artificial tinting methods are widely used today, the popularity of oak parquet in “natural” colors is consistently high.
During the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, oak parquet was used to decorate the floors of the royal chambers and houses of wealthy nobles. And in merchant and peasant houses, oak boards were not at all considered a luxury item.
And today oak flooring can be found both in European castles and in the houses of poor farmers and villages. Oak is used in the production of all types of parquet, including artistic and sports.
Larch
Dry larch boards are significantly superior in quality to lumber from other coniferous species. Note that it is also heavier than the more widely used pine or spruce (density 550-590 kg/m3). The material is durable and tough. Another advantage is low shrinkage and low susceptibility to warping.
Its Brinell hardness is 3.1, which is almost twice that of pine and is close to oak, so larch boards are excellent for flooring. Just like oak, the material does not lose its properties in contact with water and high humidity. Larch is excellent for constructing hydraulic structures.
Today you can find many buildings that have been based on pile structures made of this wood for more than 600 years and still do not need repair. The board does not need to be painted or treated with protective compounds, especially since the wood has a pleasant texture and a light yellow color with a hint of red. There is lumber from the so-called “bloody” larch with a predominance of red. A feature of the tree structure is the presence of multiple ingrown resin knots, but this does not affect the strength. By the way, these knots make it easy to distinguish larch from other conifers.
When choosing a board, you should pay attention to another feature of sawing wood of this species. The tree has a thick layer of sapwood, which is lighter in color and has poorer characteristics. Only the darker core is used to make boards. Sapwood wood can be used for decorative purposes.
Ash
The density of wood species is 690 kg/m3.
Ash is a genus of deciduous plants of the olive family, which has about 70 species. Ash grows singly or in groups in mixed forests, often together with oak, less often with conifers.
This is a moderate neighbor of the oak, which for some reason has not become known as such, although it deserves all praise. Not inferior to it in strength and hardness, richness of texture, it is significantly superior to it in long-term resistance to deformation and impact strength. Therefore, it is perfectly suitable for the production of stairs, floor coverings and other interior details. Currently, ash is increasingly becoming fashionable among furniture makers and parquet manufacturers. Regarding consumer qualities, we can say that ash, with normal care, lasts a long time and does not present any surprises. The cost of products made from it is close to the price of products made from oak and beech.
The ash wood species, which has the highest physical and mechanical characteristics, finds the most extensive application. It is used to make veneer, bent and carved furniture, railings and parquet, paneling, window frames and sofas, hunting and combat bows, and sports equipment.
Density 660 kg/m3.
Beech is the second most common and valuable genus of the bamboo family after oak. These are deciduous trees, thin, columnar, 45-50 m high, with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. Beeches grow up to 350 years old, more actively at the age of 40-100 years. Life expectancy is over 500 years.
The beech tree species is snow-white with yellow or red color. The annual layers are clearly visible. Older trees occasionally have red-brown colored mature wood. This does not affect the quality; on the contrary, such trees are especially valued by cabinetmakers, but they are found quite rarely. The color palette of beech wood is quite diverse - from pink to snow-white. In order to remove this variety of colors and give the wood the most uniform color, and also to create it as balanced as possible, beech needs preparatory steaming. If this is not done, the texture of the wood will be very variegated. This procedure takes about three days.
Beech has perhaps the highest bending ability, which has been widely used in the production of bent furniture. The wood is perfectly processed, perfectly finished, and accepts various paints and varnishes.
Due to its high wear resistance, beech is widely used for the production of wooden stairs. The pleasant warm color is a prerequisite for the fact that it is often used for separate small products.
The light pinkish color of beech evokes a feeling of warmth. The simple and generous structure of this covering is a beautiful finishing touch to all interiors.
The density of wood species is 650 kg/m3.
Birch got its name for its snow-white bark. This is a non-nuclear breed. The tree species is snow-white, with yellow or red color. The annual layers are poorly visible. The medullary rays are visible only in strictly circular sections.
The distribution area of birch is very wide - 2/3 of the area of all deciduous forests in our country.
Birch is used for the production of plywood and wood panels, furniture, tools, fittings, turning products, and veneer. Birch wood is perfectly tinted, opening up virtually unlimited design possibilities.
Main macroscopic characteristics of wood
Basic macroscopic characteristics of wood for identifying species Each tree species has characteristic features by which it can be distinguished from another.
The main characteristics when determining a species by wood are: the presence of a core, the width of the sapwood and the degree of sharpness of the transition from core to sapwood in heartwood species; the degree of visibility of the annual layers and their outlines in the cross section, the clarity of the boundary between early and late wood in the annual layers; presence, size, color and number of medullary rays; sizes of vessels and the nature of their groupings in deciduous wood; the presence of resin ducts, their size and quantity in coniferous wood; core repeats in the wood of some hardwoods. To determine the type of wood, you need to know additional characteristics, which include color, shine, texture (pattern), density and hardness.
When determining tree species, it is first established which group of species the given species belongs to: coniferous, deciduous ring-vascular or deciduous scattered-vascular.
Coniferous species - annual layers are clearly visible in all species; no vessels; medullary rays are not visible; Some wood species have resin ducts.
Ring-vascular deciduous species - annual layers are clearly visible due to the difference in the structure of early and late wood; large vessels located in the early zone of the annual layers form a continuous ring of holes in the cross section, clearly visible to the naked eye; in the dense dark late zone of wood, accumulations of small vessels and parenchyma cells are noticeable in the form of light radial stripes, wavy lines along the border of the annual layers, individual lines or dots; most breeds have visible medullary rays; all breeds are sound.
Disseminated-vascular deciduous species - the annual layers of most species are not clearly visible; the vessels, if noticeable, do not form a continuous ring in the cross section; the late zone of the annual layer has no pattern; In some breeds the medullary rays are visible.
The type of wood is recognized by macro- and microscopic characteristics. As a rule, when determining the type of wood, they use determinants compiled on the basis of a comprehensive study of the structure of wood.
The type of growing tree is relatively easy to determine by its crown, bark, leaves or needles, and fruits (Fig. 30).
The best age of a tree for using wood in the manufacture of joinery is approximately: spruce - 100-150 years, pine - 80-120 years, birch - 50-70 years.
Story
In many cultures, the oak tree was considered a sacred tree due to its powerful appearance and benefits. And the spreading crown, and valuable wood, and bark, and oak fruits, acorns, have been used since ancient times for protective, domestic and economic purposes.
Interesting fact. At a time when agriculture was not yet developed, the oak acted as a “bread tree”, because after washing and drying its acorns, flour was made and bread was baked.
Today, oak is still valued for its unique properties. The southern species of this tree have sweet fruits that are edible. Oak bark contains tannins, which are used in medicine and industry. But the most important value is oak wood - strong and elastic - which is used for the production of construction and finishing materials, furniture and other joinery products.
Application of edged boards
The material has a wide range of uses, but is mainly used in construction. It is often used to design decorative partitions, as a frame. Oak edged boards are sold in different qualities. Thanks to this, it is suitable for different stages of construction, which saves raw materials and money in work. For visible parts of the structure, it is recommended to use premium grade lumber.
