How to clean a chair at home quickly and effectively - 13 ways to clean fabric upholstery

Cleaning upholstered furniture with fabric upholstery is complicated by the fact that marks may remain on the materials. In this case, it is important to choose the right cleaning agent and detergent, and to use cleaning methods that are suitable for the type of upholstery fabric. In this article we will look at how to clean a chair at home easily and quickly. Let's find out how to do this without harming the fabric upholstery.

First steps and precautions

Before you start cleaning at home, you first need to determine the type of upholstery material - fabric, artificial or natural leather. If the covering is made of fabric, you need to find out its type. It can be microfiber, velvet, tapestry, velor or flock. All these fabrics require different cleaning methods.

The second stage of preparation is testing the cleaning agent on an inconspicuous area of the chair, for example, on its back side. The obtained result will allow us to draw a conclusion about the possibility of using a specific preparation to clean the entire surface of the chair.

Important! When caring for upholstery material, it is unacceptable to use bleach and undiluted vinegar.

Determining the composition and choosing a cleaning method

To choose the right cleaning product, you need to determine the composition of the upholstery and study the recommendations prepared by the manufacturer. Recommendations are most often applied directly to the product; if you could not find the markings, then look for information on the manufacturer’s website. Let's look at the meanings of the codes:

"W" and "WS". You can safely clean the material with water or water-based products. You can resort to cleaning with a steam generator;
"S". You can clean the upholstery yourself, but only with water-free products;
"X". Self-cleaning is not possible; it is recommended to contact a dry cleaner.

Before starting to remove stains, any solution intended for cleaning should be tested on a small area of the material:

dust the surface;
apply the product;
wait 10-15 minutes;
evaluate the condition of the product.

If the material has faded, streaks have appeared on it, or it has become deformed, then you should not continue cleaning, otherwise the furniture may be irrevocably damaged.

Features of cleaning other types of upholstery

There are specific rules for cleaning each category of furniture fabric. Ignoring them leads to damage to the product.

Microfiber

This type of upholstery is characterized by increased resistance to various stains. This quality is due to the presence of Teflon impregnation, which is not prone to shedding and the formation of pellets.

Microfiber upholstery allows the following cleaning methods:

vacuuming with a soft brush;
sponge cleaning;
wet cleaning (with moderate wetness) using delicate, chlorine-free detergents or soapy water;
deep cleaning with dry powder or foaming compounds.

Attention! Do not treat microfiber with hot water or steam. In this case, there is a high probability of bald spots forming. Drying with a hairdryer or near heating devices is also highly undesirable.

Velor, velvet

This type of upholstery needs to be treated with care. When cleaning it, the following methods and means should not be used:

Dry powder - it is quite difficult to remove its remains from the pile.
Active physical impact leads to the formation of bald spots and deformation of the fabric structure.
Treatment with bleaches and chemicals containing aggressive components.
Washing with water at temperatures above 30 °C.
Treatment with a vacuum cleaner with a rigid attachment.

Contaminants from fleecy fabric can only be washed using water-based solutions. A vinegar solution will help to give the color brightness and saturation, and a special brush for velor products will help fluff up the pile and remove wool and hair from the surface.

Fabric mesh

This inexpensive material is characterized by good breathability and low maintenance. Regular cleaning of mesh upholstery is easy and effortless.

Advice! It will be quite enough to treat the surface with a vacuum cleaner, followed by wiping it with a flannel cloth soaked in a soap solution and well-wrung out.

For preventive purposes, add a few drops of disinfectant to the working solution 2 times a month.

Chenille

The fabric is characterized by high strength, hypoallergenicity and does not tend to absorb odors. Since chenille does not tolerate contact with water, it is recommended to clean it exclusively using the dry method using foaming agents.

To prevent the formation of snags on the surface of the fabric, all manipulations should be carried out with soft bristled brushes.

Flock

Furniture with flock upholstery is optimal for rooms where cats live, since the material is scratch-resistant. Caring for such chairs includes regular vacuuming and wiping the surface with a slightly damp cloth.

At the same time, the following actions are unacceptable in relation to flock:

excessive wetting with water leads to the destruction of the adhesive base to which the villi are attached;
treatment with preparations containing alcohol;
exposure to high temperatures (from 40 °C).

Important! Dry-painted material is afraid of water, so only foam and powders can be used to clean it.

How to care for upholstery

Preventing stains from appearing is much easier than removing them later. To ensure that the upholstery of the chairs always has an attractive appearance, the following rules must be observed:

Cover upholstered furniture with covers, wash them once a month, open chairs only when guests arrive.
Eliminate the habit of eating on the couch: no food - no greasy stains.
Do not allow your pets to lie on upholstered furniture.
Do not encourage small children to draw while sitting on a chair (traces from felt-tip pens and paints on the upholstery will be inevitable).
When going on vacation, cover the upholstery with old sheets, then upon arrival there will be no accumulation of dust on it.

It is important to always remember that dust mites and other pathogens that can cause various diseases like to settle in hard-to-reach places. The only way to prevent their occurrence is by regularly cleaning the furniture with a vacuum cleaner and ventilating the chairs in the fresh air.

Proper care is a troublesome and sometimes time-consuming task. But maintaining the attractive appearance of soft interior items is easier than restoring it using chemicals and folk remedies. In difficult cases, it makes sense to invite specialists from a cleaning company to your home.

How to clean a leather chair?

Before you start cleaning, you need to find out the reaction of the upholstery material to water. If it absorbs liquid, then it is recommended to use only special chemicals intended for this coating.

The surface that repels water can be cleaned with a solution prepared from 60 g of laundry soap and 2 liters of water. Sequencing:

Remove dust and small debris from the surface of the chair.
Treat with a cloth soaked in soapy water and well wrung out.
Repeat treatment using clean water.
Wipe the leather surface with a dry towel.
Apply a special conditioner, for example – Turtle Wax Leather Cleaner Conditioner.

Important! Industrial polishes can be replaced with petroleum jelly, castor or olive oil, and baby cream.

If an ink, coffee or blood stain appears on a leather chair, you must immediately remove it with alcohol.

When caring for a leather chair, the following is unacceptable:

processing with hard brushes;
strong mechanical impact on the surface;
prolonged contact with moisture;
drying with a hairdryer, leading to cracks;
use of abrasives.

Chairs made of eco-leather and leatherette require similar care. To clean them, you cannot use preparations containing aggressive components and petroleum products.

How to clean a light leather sofa?

We dilute a little soap in clean warm water, you can use liquid soap. It’s even better if it has a moisturizing effect. We wet a soft sponge in the solution, wring it out thoroughly and wipe all accessible surfaces without pressing too hard.

Interesting materials:

How to remove rhinestones from a dress? How to remove rhinestones from wool? How to remove construction dust after renovation? How to remove super glue from a rubber boot? How to remove super glue from silicone? How to remove a candle from a jacket? How to remove scratches on a leather sofa? How to remove scratches on metal? How to remove scratches from an iron door? How to remove scratches from cooktop glass?

Stain removal methods

It is advisable to remove stains on chair upholstery immediately after they appear, since old stains are much more difficult to remove. Before cleaning, you should test the selected product on an inconspicuous area. Several folk methods will help you get rid of stains of different origins.

Fat

Procedure:

Cover the problem area with plenty of coarse salt.
Leave for 2 hours.
Sweep away the salt.
Wipe the surface of the chair with a cloth soaked in dishwashing liquid.
Rinse with clean water.
Dry well.

Alternatively, you can use ammonia to remove grease stains. Suede surfaces should be treated with a steam cleaner.

Blood

Cleaning methods:

A fresh stain should be immediately washed with cold water, and then with a solution of laundry soap diluted in water. You can also treat the contaminated area with hydrogen peroxide.
9% vinegar diluted with water in a ratio of 2 tbsp will help to cope with old blood stains. l. for 1 l. After treating with this product, the surface of the chair must be washed with soapy water. Stubborn stains can be easily removed with a saline solution.

In each case, the water should be cold.

Coffee or tea

Stains of this origin are rubbed with a bar of laundry soap, then treated with a damp cloth and dried.

Dirt

Traces of dirt from upholstery material can be removed as follows:

Dissolve 20 drops of ammonia and a few spoons of shampoo in 1 liter of water.
Foam the composition and apply it to the problem area.
Leave for 20 minutes.
At the last stage, rinse with clean water and dry well.

Wine

To remove wine stains, blot them with a napkin and cover them with a layer of salt. After this, wash with alcohol and soapy water. At the end of the procedure, wipe with a cloth moistened with clean water and dry.

Chewing gum and plasticine

Cleaning the upholstery material of a chair, sofa or chair from plasticine and chewing gum involves several steps:

Apply ice cubes to the stained area. Also, a bag of semi-finished products from the freezer is quite suitable for this purpose.
After freezing, carefully scrape off the hardened gum/plasticine with a blunt-edged object.

Ink, markers, paste

To remove stains of this kind, ammonia or ethyl alcohol is used. Treatment with acetone is also acceptable. However, you should first test it in an area hidden from view, as there is a risk of damaging the synthetic fabric.

Warranty repair

We provide free warranty service for computer chairs for 12 months from the date of purchase.

When paying for the product, you will receive a warranty card and a receipt, which entitle you to free repairs within 1 year from the date of purchase. The warranty applies to all products presented in the catalog on the website and in the King Style salon.

During the warranty period, we carry out complete repairs of chairs and furniture. Our company’s specialists will eliminate the malfunction on the spot, and in case of a serious defect, they will pick up the product and repair it within 2-3 weeks.

Warranty repairs are not provided if:

self-repairs were carried out;
damage was caused by exceeding the permissible load on the chair;
defects appeared due to violation of the rules of operation, installation or transportation.

Folk remedies

In addition to industrial preparations, there are several effective folk recipes that allow you to remove various types of dirt from furniture upholstery in a short time.

Soda and vinegar

The cleaning procedure includes the following steps:

Prepare a working solution: mix 1 tbsp. l. washing powder with 1 tbsp. l. soda and 1/3 tbsp. vinegar. Add hot water. The mixture will begin to foam intensely.
Pour the resulting mixture into a spray bottle and spray over the surface of the chair.
Remove any remaining product with a soft sponge.

Cleaning with soda, powder and vinegar

A solution of these components not only removes various contaminants from the surface of the upholstery material, but also gives it freshness and softness.

Cleaning with this method involves several steps:

Dissolve baking soda and washing powder in water in a ratio of 1 tbsp. l. each component per 1 liter of liquid.
Apply to the upholstery surface. For this purpose it is best to use a spray bottle.
Remove the remaining soda with a vacuum cleaner.
Dilute vinegar with water in a ratio of 1 tbsp. l. for 1 l.
Fill a spray bottle with the mixture and spray evenly over the surface of the chair.
Ventilate the room.

Hydrogen peroxide cleansing

Hydrogen peroxide is used to remove stains on light-colored upholstery fabric. In addition, the composition allows you to get rid of unpleasant specific odors and mustiness. Procedure:

Dissolve 20 drops of peroxide (3%) in 1 liter of water.
Add a few drops of dishwashing detergent to create a lather.
Pour the foam mixture into a spray bottle.
Spray the working solution over the surface of the chair.
Rub the stained areas with a clean piece of cloth or sponge.
Carefully remove particles of composition and dirt.

Soapy water

A solution made from laundry soap shavings effectively removes stains of various origins: coffee, tea, grease, etc. To prepare it, 1/3 of a bar of soap is grated and dissolved in 2 tbsp. water. Then treat the contaminated area and leave for 1 hour. Finally, rinse the material with clean water.

Important! If the leather chair is heavily soiled, add a small amount of a professional water-based preparation that does not contain aggressive components to the soap composition.

Vinegar and dish soap

A product prepared from these components can dissolve dirt, remove greasy stains and eliminate unpleasant odors. Sequencing:

Mix 250 ml of table vinegar with 1 liter of warm water.
Add 1 tbsp to the solution. l. dishwashing detergent and mix thoroughly.
Pour the working composition into a spray bottle and spray over the surface of the upholstery material.
Clean with a soft sponge.
Ventilate the room.
Dry the treated furniture.

Dishwashing liquid

The method using this product is especially suitable for removing dirt from the surface of natural leather. Cleaning sequence:

Dissolve a few drops of liquid in water.
Beat until foamy.
Apply to the problem area.
Rub gently with a soft cloth.
Rinse off with a small amount of water.
Wipe dry with a towel.

Lemon juice

In terms of power and efficiency, lemon juice is in no way inferior to vinegar, but unlike it, it imparts a pleasant citrus aroma to the treated surfaces.

To clean upholstery material in this way, you will need:

Mix 120 ml lemon juice with ½ liter of water.
Pour into a spray bottle and treat contaminated areas.
Wipe with a soft sponge.

Cleansing foam

This method involves applying special foam to the surface of the upholstery material. After some time, the product will absorb all the dirt. Its remains are removed using a vacuum cleaner or a dry cloth.

Knockout

Before you start knocking out the upholstery of the chair, you need to moisten a clean piece of fabric in a soapy solution, squeeze it well and cover the upholstered furniture with it. After this, perform the treatment with a clapper.

Important! The soap solution can be replaced with a composition prepared from 1 liter of water, 1 tsp. vinegar and 2 tsp. salt.

Removing various stains

Any cleaning of upholstered furniture must be accompanied by the preliminary removal of individual stains. Otherwise, the upholstery will, of course, become cleaner, but the stain may remain and then you will have to repeat it all over again. To remove stains, you can use special stain removers or use available ingredients:

Today I want to offer several ways to save your chair from stains and dirt. If you decide to clean your upholstered furniture yourself, without resorting to the services of professional dry cleaning, then this article is for you. I will tell you how to clean a chair at home, which is better and more reliable. We'll look at how to clean several types of upholstery and how to remove different stains.

Store-bought household chemicals

The formula of industrial detergents is specially designed for delicate cleaning of various types of furniture upholstery. Such preparations effectively eliminate contaminants of any origin.

Universal preparation Grass universal cleaner

The product is designed to remove various types of dirt from the surface of upholstered furniture and carpets. You can also easily get rid of unpleasant odors with it.

Important! The main advantage of Grass universal cleaner is the absence of rinsing at the final stage of cleaning, which is necessary when using other products.

Shampoo Sun Clean

This universal remedy allows you to get rid of traces of blood, ballpoint pen, grease and wine stains. Sun Clean shampoo is sprayed over the surface of the upholstery material, left for 20 minutes, and then removed with a brush or sponge.

Karcher spray ex tabs rm 760

Karcher is a water-soluble tablet designed for professional cleaning of furniture upholstery and carpeting. With a washing vacuum cleaner you can do the cleaning yourself using Karcher.

The product allows you not only to get rid of dust, dirt and stains, but also to return the upholstery to its original brightness, freshness and richness. At the end of the procedure, rinsing with water is necessary.

Chemical cleaning of chairs

Why is cleaning a chair at home with the help of cleaning specialists a popular procedure? This piece of furniture is used very actively. As a result, it quickly becomes dirty; attempts to restore the original freshness and beauty on your own often end in failure.

Dry cleaners use the most effective extractor cleaning method in their work.

The chair is vacuumed. Dirt, sand, and small particles are removed from all crevices.
Professional household chemicals PROCHEM (England) and Chemspec (USA) are applied to the upholstery under high pressure.
Using soft brushes, heavily soiled areas are treated.
Properly selected reagents remove stains.
Detergent, dirt particles, and excess moisture are removed by powerful Swiss equipment.
The chair dries in natural conditions for several hours.

This procedure removes unpleasant odors, cleans not only the upholstery, but also the filling, and gets rid of possible dust mites and stubborn stains.

has been providing dry cleaning services in Moscow and the Moscow region since 2007. The company employs one and a half dozen specialists. All of them undergo mandatory vocational training. Responsibility to the client and affordable prices help us remain in demand in this service sector.

How to get rid of unpleasant odors?

To eliminate unpleasant specific odors, shampoos specially designed for furniture are used. However, in some cases, such products may not be able to cope with an overly persistent aroma.

You can solve this problem by resorting to one of several methods:

Treat the surface of the chair with a solution of lemon juice. To prepare the solution, dissolve 3 tbsp in ½ liter of water. l. lemon juice. After repeating the procedure several times, the product effectively eliminates the smell of human and cat urine.
Using a vinegar solution. In this case, dissolve 2 tbsp in a glass of water. l. vinegar. Moisten a clean napkin with the resulting product and cover the source of the unpleasant odor with it. To ensure that the vinegar solution penetrates the inner layers of the fabric, the napkin is gently pressed down. After about 5 minutes it is replaced with a new one. To get rid of persistent odor, repeat the procedure up to 3-4 times.

Do you prefer to use folk recipes or household chemicals?

Folk remedies Special preparations

When is professional dry cleaning not advisable?

The thought of taking your car to a car wash for dry cleaning may seem like a good idea when it comes to cleaning the inside of the car. Washing the interior at the station will definitely save your time (possibly nerves) and eliminate the hassle.

If your budget doesn’t allow you to spend a couple of extra thousand, and you have a free sunny day in the near future, then why not clean the seats and car yourself. You should think twice even for minor or spot contamination. It is likely that single stains can be removed by yourself, then there is no point in spending money on a complete cleaning service.

Basic recommendations and useful care tips

To keep upholstered furniture in good condition, be it a home or office computer chair, it is important to follow simple recommendations related to its care. Namely:

Clean periodically using a vacuum cleaner with a special attachment. In the absence of such an opportunity, you can resort to a regular brush.
At least once a month, treat with a steam cleaner, which will prevent the development of harmful insects and fungal microorganisms in the upholstery material. In addition, exposure to steam eliminates unpleasant odors, greasy stains, dust and other contaminants.
Use only delicate cleaning agents that do not harm the upholstery material.
After each vacuum cleaning, wipe the surface with a slightly damp cloth or piece of cloth.
Try to remove stains as soon as they appear.
Treat the surface of leather furniture with stearic lubricant. The recommended frequency of this procedure is once every 6 months.
To care for upholstered furniture, choose only those products that are suitable for the type of upholstery material.
When removing stains from woven surfaces, avoid intense mechanical impact, otherwise dirt will penetrate into the fiber structure. It is advisable to wipe stains with a sponge or soft cloth that has high absorbent properties.
Treat the problem area with light circular movements, moving from the edge to the center. This will prevent the stain from spreading over the entire surface.
Dry treated surfaces thoroughly.

Strict adherence to all rules will help extend the life of the chairs and preserve their original appearance for many years.

The main causes of furniture contamination

Even with careful handling of the furniture, the chair will have to be cleaned over time, because it gets worn during daily use.
Furniture in the house, like any other surface, is constantly covered with dust. If it is not removed in time, it penetrates deep into the fabric upholstery. Then persistent stains appear, which can no longer be removed with dry cleaning.

Sitting down on a chair, we touch it with our hands. There is always sweat mixed with fat on them. Mixing with dust, these components contribute to the formation of shiny areas. Another reason for stains is the habit of watching TV. We often allow our young children to do this and set a bad example for them. As a result, characteristic blots appear that immediately catch the eye.

You should not allow your pets to lie in chairs. If you don't do this, the upholstery will soon become very dirty. There are a huge number of other factors that can provoke a deterioration in the appearance of the product being described. By eliminating them, each of us extends its service life and saves money on calling professional specialists to your home.

Getting rid of dust

There are several ways to get rid of dust in your chair. The most obvious one, I think, is to use a vacuum cleaner. For this, use a special attachment, which, as a rule, comes with each vacuum cleaner, or, conversely, remove all attachments and use only the tube. Don't forget to go through all the joints and corners.

If you decide to use the nozzle, you can further make its work more efficient. To do this, dissolve 1 tablespoon of ordinary table salt in 1 liter of water, soak gauze in this solution, wrap it around a brush and vacuum it. This will make the upholstery color brighter.

Attention! The vacuum cleaner cannot be used for upholstery made of fleecy fabrics, such as velvet, chenille and velor - this procedure will make your soft furry friend pretty bald.

Instead of a vacuum cleaner, you can use the following method to get rid of dust:

This method will very clearly show you how much dust has accumulated in your furniture. In addition, this way you will not inhale this dust yourself - a wet cloth will retain it and will not release it into the air.

Just do not forget to periodically rinse the fabric from dirt during the beating process.

How to clean upholstered furniture

How to clean upholstered furniture from dirt:
1. “Vanish”

Cleansing mixture: one part Vanish to 9 parts warm water. The solution must be foamed and applied to areas of contamination.
Exposure time – 1 hour.
Clean the furniture with a vacuum cleaner, collecting foam, as after treatment there may be traces left that are difficult to remove.

2. Marseille soap

This is a natural preparation that contains soda and olive oil.

Cleaning method: Apply Marseille soap to contaminated areas and leave for 20 minutes.

Rinse off with a cloth and clean water.

The method is applicable for processing fabric upholstery (for example, velor) that is not too dirty.

3. "Denkmit"

This product is used to dry clean carpet or furniture upholstered in velvet, tapestry or silk. Foam or spray does not moisturize the coating.

To form foam, you need to shake the can and treat areas of contamination. Allow the product to dry.
Remove traces of processing using a vacuum cleaner.

4. "Sama"

An effective product to get rid of stains and old dirt. “Sama” has disinfecting properties and after treatment, colonies of pathogenic bacteria are destroyed. This is especially important for families with children.

Prepare a solution in warm water according to the indicated dosage and whisk.
Spray the surface of the furniture with foam and leave to dry.

How to clean upholstered furniture from odors:

Now let's look at how to clean upholstered furniture from smelling at home. In families with small children, animals or elderly people, an unpleasant smell in the apartment is not uncommon. To fix this problem, you need to buy a cleaner in the pet supply or household chemicals departments.

"Dufta"

The product contains plant proteins, the impact of which breaks down chemical compounds. Odors are removed rather than masked.

"Simple Solution"

This is a special product to get rid of the odors of urine, feces or wet animal hair. Helps even in very advanced cases.

First you need to clean the furniture from dirt.
Next, spray the surface twice with an interval of 20 minutes.
Remove any traces from the coating with a cloth. The effect of “Simple Solution” will be greater if the product is allowed to penetrate deeper into the sofa fillings.

"Natures Miracle"

This remedy is similar to the previous one. It also removes the most stubborn odors and urine stains. The enzyme formula enhances the breakdown of biological compounds that cause odors and completely eliminates them. Processing method:

The active ingredient should be applied thickly to the upholstery and left for 5-10 minutes until completely absorbed.
Then remove any remaining product with a clean towel.

Methods for cleaning upholstered furniture

Today, much experience has been accumulated in the field of home cleaning of upholstered furniture, which allows housewives to keep it tidy and clean. After all, everyone wants their favorite sofa to look like new longer. All home cleaning methods are divided into two groups: cleaning with special household chemicals and without them.

Cleaning using household chemicals.

Before purchasing a chemical intended to remove contaminants, you need to carefully study two points:

will the upholstery be damaged by such cleaning;
What types of fabrics or skin is this product intended for cleansing?

A variety of materials are used to produce sofas and armchairs. And some of them require special treatment and the most delicate approach.

The problem of cleaning upholstered furniture yourself using home methods must be thoroughly and comprehensively studied:

If you use removable covers when using sofas and armchairs, then, as a rule, washing them with ordinary powders in a washing machine is suitable. But first check the markings on the covers, which indicate how to care for them and whether they can be machine washed to avoid deformation. Most likely, a delicate wash cycle and a mild detergent will handle the stains.

Regular non-removable upholstery will have to be cleaned directly on the sofa with special cleaning compounds. First, find out whether this product will damage the upholstery material. To do this, you need to apply a little product where it will not be noticeable. If the safety test is passed and the fabric passes the test, you can continue cleaning the product.

When using the cleaning solution, you need to make sure that the sofa does not become too wet, as it will be difficult to dry it later. In this case, there is also a possibility that it will not be possible to apply the cleaning solution evenly over the entire surface, and then after rinsing, stains may remain, which is undesirable.
When the upholstery is dry after cleaning, final cleaning is carried out using a vacuum cleaner. Developers of modern household cleaning products prove that the problem of removing dirt from the surface of sofas and armchairs disappears if you use this method.

Cleaning dirty furniture without chemicals.

If some objective reasons do not allow you to use chemicals, for example, you have a small child or animal in your family, or people who are prone to allergies live with you, then you will have to resort to one of the options for removing stains and other contaminants without special chemicals :

An effective cleaning solution that can deal with stains of various origins can be prepared using laundry or liquid soap. The prepared product is applied to the surface by moistening a cotton napkin in it.

Natural leather care

Leather is considered the most wear-resistant material. It is able to withstand high loads for a long time. The chemical industry offers a huge range of care products. They will not only clean, but also prevent the formation of microcracks. Besides:

Important! Wet cleaning should be carried out as quickly as possible. It is strictly forbidden to leave chemicals on the surface! Once the stool has been washed and cleaned, it should be dried quickly. Remove any remaining moisture as soon as possible. Otherwise, whitish spots may appear on the coating.